(1) additional notes in class
Chinglish :
I want to grab a cab. (o)
I didn’t listen. (x)
I didn’t catch that. (o)
Don’t mind this. (x)
Stay out of it. (o)
I am not afraid of cold. (x)
The cold doesn’t bother me. (o)
I’ll send you to the door. (x)
I’ll walk you to the door. (o)
It is not welcomed. (x)
It is not encouraged. (o)
My English is very poor. (x)
My English is pretty basic. (o)
Where do you put this? (x)
Where does this go? (o)
Thanks for your precious suggestions. (x)
Thanks for your helpful suggestions. (o)
comparison of words :
responsibility /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/
/noun/ the state or job of being in charge
of someone or something and of making sure that what they do or what happens to
them is right or satisfactory
e.g. People in positions of responsibility
cannot behave like this.
duty /ˈdjuːti/
/noun/ something that you must do because it is
morally right or because the law requires it
e.g. If new employees are unable to carry
out their duties, they may be fired.
obligation /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n/
/noun/ something that you must do for legal
or moral reasons
e.g. Estimates are available on request,
without obligation.
(2) vocabulary journal
day1
enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ verb
sentence (in the article) : On the piazza
sits Sergio’s fruit and vegetable shop, so we look about for things to enhance
our blossom-lunch menu.
meaning : to improve something, or to make
it more attractive or more valuable
simple sentence : The measures taken should
considerably enhance the residents' quality of life.
stem /stem/ noun
sentence (in the article) : He pulls out a
handful of sage leaves, each one long and soft as a rabbit’s ear, whacks the
leaves and small stems from a head of celery, picks through a basket of skinny
green beans, and adds some to our pile.
meaning : the long thin central part of a
plant from which the leaves and flowers grow
simple sentence : Cut the stems to ground
level in winter.
sentence (in the article) : I asked for
eggs, and the man looks pityingly on me, and says all I need to do is stop at
the henhouse just down the hill from our place.
meaning : you feel pity for someone, but
sometimes also that shows you do not think they deserve respect
simple sentence : To her annoyance, he gave
her a look pityingly.
approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ verb
sentence (in the article) : I approach one
and ask her if she has an egg or two.
meaning : to speak to someone about
something for the first time, especially in order to ask for help or make an
offer
simple sentence : I have already approached
my boss about a pay rise.
thrill /θrɪl/ noun
sentence (in the article) : I take it and
leave with an unfamiliar thrill.
meaning : a sudden feeling of being very
excited and pleased
simple sentence : There's no bigger thrill
for me than playing on stage.
day2
coat /kəʊt/ verb
sentence (in the article) : I twirl my
frying pan to coat with a few drops of my oil, and let it warm over a quiet
flame.
meaning : to cover something with a layer
of a substance
simple sentence : The wind had coated
everything with a layer of sand.
flame /fleɪm/ noun
sentence (in the article) : I twirl my
frying pan to coat with a few drops of my oil, and let it warm over a quiet
flame.
meaning : the brightly burning gas that you
see coming from a fire
simple sentence : He sat by the fire
staring at the flames.
stay put
sentence (in the article) : I drop in the
blossoms whole, flatten them a bit so they stay put, and leave them for a
minute or so while I tear a few basil leaves and give the eggs another stroke
or two.
meaning : to remain in one place or
position
simple sentence : Stay put, I'll be back in
a minute.
stroke /strəʊk/ noun
sentence (in the article) : I drop in the
blossoms whole, flatten them a bit so they stay put, and leave them for a
minute or so while I tear a few basil leaves and give the eggs another stroke
or two.
meaning : a hit made with someone's hand, a
stick, or another object
simple sentence : With each stroke of the
whip, the horse galloped faster.
scent /sent/ verb
sentence (in the article) : I throw a few
fennel seeds into the pan to scent the oil, where the blossoms are now
beginning to take color on their bottom sides.
meaning : to make something have a
particular smell
simple sentence : The smell of roses
scented the room.
day3
slide /slaɪd/ verb
sentence (in the article) : Next, I run the
little cake under a hot grill to form a gold skin on top before sliding it onto
a plate, sprinkling torn basil on top.
meaning : to move smoothly and quickly
across a surface
simple sentence : The doors slide open.
whack /wæk/ verb
sentence (in the article) : He pulls out a
handful of sage leaves, each one long and soft as a rabbit’s ear, whacks the
leaves and small stems from a head of celery, picks through a basket of skinny
green beans, and adds some to our pile.
meaning : to hit someone or something with
a lot of force
simple sentence : I whacked my knee getting
out of the car.
twirl /twɜː(r)l/ verb
sentence (in the article) : I twirl my
frying pan to coat with a few drops of my oil, and let it warm over a quiet
flame.
meaning : to move in circles, or to make
something move in circles
simple sentence : The dancers twirled
around to the music.
jaw /dʒɔː/ noun
sentence (in the article) : Those early
human ancestors needed big teeth and jaws to chew all the raw food.
meaning : the lower part of your face that
includes your chin and your bottom teeth
simple sentence : He suffered a broken jaw
in the accident.
digest /daɪˈdʒest/ verb
sentence (in the article) : They also
needed large stomachs and intestines to digest it.
meaning : when your stomach digests food,
it changes it into the substances that your body needs
simple sentence : Cheese can be difficult
to digest.
day4
shift /ʃɪft/ noun
sentence (in the article) : Wrangham argues
that the shift from eating raw to cooked food enabled the evolution of the
larger-brained Homo erectus.
meaning : if an idea, attitude, or plan
shifts, or if someone shifts it, it changes
simple sentence : Most newspapers have
shifted their ground considerably on this issue.
enable /ɪnˈeɪb(ə)l/ verb
sentence (in the article) : Wrangham argues
that the shift from eating raw to cooked food enabled the evolution of the
larger-brained Homo erectus.
meaning : to give someone the ability or
opportunity to do something
simple sentence : Enemy communications were
destroyed, enabling a surprise attack.
distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adjective
sentence (in the article) : “It is the
development that underpins many other changes that have made humans so distinct
from other species.”
meaning : separate and different in a way
that is clear
simple sentence : They were classified into
two distinct groups.
devote oneself to
sentence (in the article) : Wrangham argues
that because cooking freed early humans from all of that chewing, they could
then devote themselves to more productive activities, such as the development
of tools, agriculture, and social networks.
meaning : to spend a lot of time or effort
doing something
simple sentence : Few people are able to
devote themselves fully to their career.
profound /prəˈfaʊnd/ adjective
sentence (in the article) : According to
Wrangham, this newfound freedom had a profound effect on early human
relationships.
meaning : very great
simple sentence : My grandfather's death
had a profound effect on my father.
day5
lead to
sentence (in the article) : This led to
paired mating and perhaps even traditional male-female household roles.
meaning : to begin a process that causes
something to happen
simple sentence : There is no doubt that
stress can lead to physical illness.
mate /meɪt/ verb
sentence (in the article) : This led to
paired mating and perhaps even traditional male-female household roles.
meaning : if one animal mates with another,
or if two animals mate, they have sex
simple sentence : Many animals mate in the
spring.
valid /ˈvælɪd/ adjective
sentence (in the article) : They have a
valid point.
meaning : reasonable and generally accepted
simple sentence : These are valid reasons
why we should ban tobacco advertising.
underpin /ˌʌndə(r)ˈpɪn/ verb
sentence (in the article) : “It is the
development that underpins many other changes that have made humans so distinct
from other species.”
meaning : to be an important basic part of
something, allowing it to succeed or continue to exist
simple sentence : That reality must
underpin our partnership.
gap /ɡæp/ noun
sentence (in the article) : Many scientists
see this gap in the archaeological record as evidence against Wrangham’s
theory.
meaning : a large difference between things
or groups
simple sentence : The book clearly bridges
the gap between theory and practice.
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